Napier's bones is a manually-operated calculating device created by John Napier of Merchiston, Scotland for calculation of products and quotients of numbers. The method was based on lattice multiplication, and was also called Rabdology. Napier published his version in 1617 in Rabdology, printed in Edinburgh, Scotland, dedicated to his patron Alexander Seton. Using the multiplication tables embedded in the rods, multiplication can be reduced to addition operations and division to subtractions. More advanced use of the rods can even extract square roots. Napier's bones are not the same as logarithms, with which Napier's name is also associated.